Animal Experiments

In the medical research institutions, someone takes animal testing to prove how effective some new medicine is. The mice and rabbits are often the victims. Animal testing is done for the development of effective and safe drugs for mankind. Animal research in fact plays a vital role in virtually every major medical research and development process. The reason behind animal testing stems from the fact that this type of research offers valuable insights into the working of the human systems. Moreover health agencies and medical societies around the world recognize the need for animal testing. Studies using animals have underpinned virtually all the progress that has been made in understanding and treating cancer over the past century, from giving clues to causes of the disease to showing us the best ways to treat it. For example, the breast cancer drug tamoxifen, arguably one of the most important cancer drugs of all time, was developed by the animal research. Over the years, it has saved hundreds of thousands of women’s lives. The development of antibody treatments for cancer has also relied on animal research. Antibodies are molecules designed to target cancer cells, and early research in mice helped to find a way to produce large enough quantities of these molecules to be used to treat patients. On the other hand, animals shouldn't be forced into cruel experiments for our benefit. In today's society there are many other ways products can be tested without using animals, so there is no need for it to continue. Animals have pain sensors just as we do. Animals and humans are not same biologically. Some animal testing may fail because of the biological differences one. The result of failure is a whole waste of animal lives, money and other resources. Through science development, there are other alternatives instead of animal testing. For example, in 2010, L'Oreal, which is one of the famous cosmetic making companies has developed a glass chip made up of human skill cells that reacts to humans natural allergic responses. My opinion about animal testing is that there are some benefits animal research has brought to people with cancer, but there are thousands of other drugs and treatment techniques that are built on knowledge from tests in animals. Also that studies in animals continue must be important to bring benefits to cancer patients and save lives around the world.      

Exam 1

Q1:

Critical thinking is a rich concept that has been developing throughout the past 2500 years. Also it’s that mode of thinking about any subject, content or problem in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully analyzing, assessing and reconstructing it. Critical thinking involves a wide range of skills and attitudes that includes:

1- Being able to read between lines and recognizing false or unfair assumptions.
2- Presenting a point of a view in a structured and reasonable way that convinces others.

Q2:

1- Misunderstanding of what is meant by criticism: The criticism means always making negative comment. But identifying the negative and positive aspects means the critical thinking.

2- Over estimating our own reasoning abilities: Most of us think of ourselves as rational being. We always believe that our belief system and reasoning system are the best.

3- The emotional attitude.

4- Social conditioning.
5- Egocentric thinking.

Q3:

Fallacies are mistakes of reasoning, as opposed to making mistakes that are of a factual nature. If I counted 20 people in the room when there were in fact 21, then I made a factual mistake. On the other hand, if I believe that there are round squares, I believe something that is inconsistent. This is a mistake of reasoning and fallacy, since I should not have believed something inconsistent if my reasoning is good.

1- ‘you too’ theory: This is an attempt to justify wrong action because someone else also does it.
2- Confusing association with cause: like stating that the increase of the use of drugs among young people is due to unemployment or poverty.

3- Argument from personal inability to understand.
4- Personalization of the argument.
5- No connection between the argument and the conclusion.

Q4:

1- More focused reading.
2- Improved attention and observation.
3- Improved ability to respond to the appropriate points in a message.
4- Knowledge of how to get your point across.
5- Skills of analysis that you can choose to apply in a variety in situations.

Critical thinking entails effective communication and problem solving abilities and a commitment to overcome our native egocentrism and sociocentrism.